REFERENCES

Preview New ACIP Guidelines on Prevention of HAV and HBV – May 2006

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices — Recommendations
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recommended adult immunization schedule—United States, 2002-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:904-908.
  • Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54(RR-16):1-31.
Epidemiology — Prevalence, Incidence of New Infections
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disease burden from hepatitis A, B, and C in the United States. 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/resource/dz_burden02.htm. Accessed May 12, 2006.
Hepatitis A
  • Craig AS, Schaffner W. Prevention of hepatitis A with the hepatitis A vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:476-481.
  • Poland GA. Evaluating existing recommendations for hepatitis A and B vaccination. Am J Med. 2005;118 (Suppl 10A):16S-20S.
Additional Readings
  • Battegay M, Naef M, Bucher HC. Hepatitis associated with hepatitis A superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1771-1772.
  • Diaz-Mitoma F, Law B, Parsons J. A combined vaccine against hepatitis A and B in children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect J. 1999;18:109-114.
  • Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 1999;48(RR-12):1-37.
  • Tsai IJ, Chang MH, Chen HL, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in young adults. Vaccine. 2000;19:437-441.
  • Wolters B, Junge U, Dziuba S, Roggendorf M. Immunogenicity of combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in elderly persons. Vaccine. 2003;21:3623-3628.

Hepatitis + STDs = Public Health Crisis? – June 2006

Hepatitis Vaccines in STD Clinics
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B Immunization in a STD Clinic: Lessons Learned in San Diego County. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/spotlights/integration_manual.pdf. Accessed June 5, 2006.
  • Jacobs RJ, Meyerhoff AS. Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis A/B vaccine versus hepatitis B vaccine in public sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30(11):859-865.
High-Risk Populations
  • Handsfield HH. Hepatitis A and B immunization in persons being evaluated for sexually transmitted diseases. Am J Med. 2005;118(suppl 10A):69S-74S.
  • Hepatitis B vaccination among high-risk adolescents and adults—San Diego, California, 1998-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002:51(28):618-621.
Public Health Perspective on HAV/HBV Vaccines
  • Hershey JH, Schowalter L, Bailey SB. Public health perspective on vaccine-preventable hepatitis: integrating hepatitis A and B vaccines into public health settings. Am J Med. 2005;118(suppl 10A):100S-108S.

The ABCs of Coinfections with HAV, HBV, HCV, and HIV – July 2006

Coinfection
  • Dieterich DT, Kontorinis N, Agarwal K. HIV/HCV coinfection in clinical practice. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care (Chic). 2004;3(suppl 1):S4-S14;quiz S16-S17.
  • Kellerman SE, Hanson DL, McNaghten AD, Fleming PL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and incidence of acute hepatitis B infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:571-577. Epub 2003 Aug 5.
  • Park JS, Saraf N, Dieterich DT. HBV plus HCV, HCV plus HIV, HBV plus HIV. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8:67-74.
  • Shire NJ, Rouster SD, Rajicic N, Sherman KE. Occult hepatitis B in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36:869-875.
  • Sterling RK, Sulkowski MS. Hepatitis C virus in the setting of HIV or hepatitis B virus coinfection. Semin Liver Dis. 2004;24(suppl 2):61-68.
  • Yachimski P, Chung RT. Update on hepatitis B and C coinfection in HIV. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2005;7:299-308.
Hepatitis B Vaccine
  • Chang JJ, Wightman F, Bartholomeusz A, et al. Reduced hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD4+ T-cell responses in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-HBV-coinfected individuals receiving HBV-active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol. 2005;79:3038-3051.
  • Gandhi RT, Wurcel A, Lee H, et al. Response to hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-1-positive subjects who test positive for isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen: implications for hepatitis B vaccine strategies. J Infect Dis. 2005;191:1435-1441. Epub 2005 Mar 28.
  • Kim SY, Billah K, Lieu TA, Weinstein MC. Cost effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination at HIV counseling and testing sites. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30:498-506.
Hepatitis A/B Vaccine
  • Kallinowski B, Jilg W, Buchholz L, Stremmel W, Engler S. Immunogenicity of an accelerated vaccination regime with a combined hepatitis a/b vaccine in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Z Gastroenterol. 2003;41:983-990.
  • Laurence JC. Hepatitis A and B immunizations of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Med. 2005;118(suppl 10A):75S-83S.
  • Tedaldi EM, Baker RK, Moorman AC, et al. Hepatitis A and B vaccination practices for ambulatory patients infected with HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1478-1484. Epub 2004 Apr 28.
Additional Readings
  • Bani-Sadr F, Palmer P, Scieux C, Molina JM. Ninety-six-week efficacy of combination therapy with lamivudine and tenofovir in patients coinfected with HIV-1 and wild-type hepatitis B virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1062-1064. Epub 2004 Sep 13.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Hepatitis B prevention for men who have sex with men. MSM Information Center. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/msm/hbv_msm_fact.htm. Accessed July 10, 2006.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines—2002. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR-06);1-80. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5106a1.htm. Accessed July 10, 2006.
  • National Center for HIV, STD, & TB Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral hepatitis B fact sheet. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/fact.htm. Accessed July 10, 2006.
  • Shire NJ, Sherman KE. Management of HBV/HIV-coinfected Patients. Semin Liver Dis. 2005;25(suppl 1):48-57.

Guarding Against Viral Disease Transmission in Prisons and Jails – August 2006

Hepatitis in Correctional Facilities
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Transmission of hepatitis B virus in correctional facilities—Georgia, January 1999-June 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:678-681.
  • Weinbaum C, Lyerla R, Margolis H. Prevention and control of infections with hepatitis viruses in correctional settings. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52(RR01);1-33. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5201a1.htm. Accessed August 10, 2006. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003;52;205.
HAV and HBV Vaccines in Correctional Facilities
  • Charuvastra A, Stein J, Schwartzapfel B, et al. Hepatitis B vaccination practices in state and federal prisons. Public Health Rep. 2001;116:203-209.
  • Devasia RA, Jones TF, Kainer MA, et al. Two community hepatitis B outbreaks: an argument for vaccinating incarcerated persons. Vaccine. 2006;24:1354-1358. Epub 2005 Sep 23.
  • Jacobs RJ, Rosenthal P, Meyerhoff AS. Cost effectiveness of hepatitis A/B versus hepatitis B vaccination for US prison inmates. Vaccine. 2004;22:1241-1248.
  • Rich JD. Hepatitis B vaccination of prisoners. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/partners/consultants_mtg_2005/jody_survey.ppt. Accessed August 10, 2006.
  • Williams IT, Boaz, K, Openo KP, et al. Missed opportunities for hepatitis B vaccination in correctional settings, sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, and drug treatment programs. Presented at: Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) 2005 annual meeting. October 6-9, 2005; San Francisco, Calif. Abstract 1031.
Additional Readings
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Tracking the hidden epidemics: trends in STDs in the United States 2000—a closer look at hepatitis B. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/std/Trends2000/hepatitis-close.htm. Accessed August 10, 2006.
  • Hershey JH, Schowalter L, Bailey SB. Public health perspective on vaccine-preventable hepatitis: integrating hepatitis A and B vaccines into public health settings. Am J Med. 2005;118(suppl 10A):100S-108S.

Cutting the Cord: Managing Transmission Risk from Mothers to Infants – September 2006

For information on the impact of acute HAV infection on pregnancy outcomes, go to
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16618407&query_hl=15&itool=pubmed_docsum

  • A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR. 2005;54(RR16);1-23.
    Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5416a1.htm?s_cid=rr5416a1_e and
    http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/b/acip.htm. Accessed September 13, 2006.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1999;48(RR12):1-37.
    Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4812a1.htm. Accessed September 13, 2006.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines—2002. MMWR. 2002;51(RR06):1-80. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5106a1.htm. Accessed September 13, 2006.

The Fine Points of Administering HAV/HBV Vaccines – October 2006

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Part I: Immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR. 2005;54(No. RR-16):1-32.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A. In: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. 9th ed. Washington DC: Public Health Foundation, 2006:198-205.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B. In: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. 9th ed. Washington DC: Public Health Foundation, 2006:216-230.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. 1999;48(No. RR-12):1-37.
Additional Readings
  • Fisman DN, Agrawal D, Leder K. The effect of age on immunologic response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1368-1375.
  • Van Damme P, Leroux-Roels G, Law B, et al. Long-term persistence of antibodies induced by vaccination and safety follow-up, with the first combined vaccine against hepatitis A and B in children and adults. J Med Virol. 2001;65:6-13.
Prescribing Information (Package Inserts)

Hepatitis A Vaccines Hepatitis B Vaccines Combination Vaccine

Cracking Down on Viral Infections in Substance Abusers – November 2006

  • Accelerated immunization schedule—CDC "Travelers' Health: Yellow Book." Available at: http://www2.ncid.cdc.gov/travel/yb/utils/ybGet.asp?section=dis&obj=hbv.htm. Accessed November 15, 2006.
  • Altice FL, Bruce RD, Walton MR, Buitrago MI. Adherence to hepatitis B virus vaccination at syringe exchange sites. J Urban Health. 2005;82:151-161. Epub 2005 Mar 3.
  • Brown LS Jr, Kritz SA, Goldsmith RJ, et al. Characteristics of substance abuse treatment programs providing services for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C virus infection, and sexually transmitted infections: The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2006;30:315-321.
  • Diamond C, Thiede H, Perdue T, et al. Viral hepatitis among young men who have sex with men: prevalence of infection, risk behaviors, and vaccination. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:425-432.
  • Hepatitis B Virus: A Comprehensive Strategy for Eliminating Transmission in the United States Through Universal Childhood Vaccination: Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR. 1991;40(RR-13):1-19.
    Available at: http://0-www.cdc.gov.mill1.sjlibrary.org/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00033405.htm. Accessed November 15, 2006.
  • Hutchinson SJ, Wadd S, Taylor A, et al. Sudden rise in uptake of hepatitis B vaccination among injecting drug users associated with a universal vaccine programme in prisons. Vaccine. 2004;23:210-214.
  • Lugoboni F, Quaglio G, Pajusco B, et al. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and adherence to a combined hepatitis A and B vaccine in illicit drug users. Addiction. 2004;99:1560-1564.
  • Seal KH, Kral AH, Lorvick J, McNees A, Gee L, Edlin BR. A randomized controlled trial of monetary incentives vs. outreach to enhance adherence to the hepatitis B vaccine series among injection drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;71:127-131.
  • Vallabhaneni S, Macalino GE, Reinert SE, Schwartzapfel B, Wolf FA, Rich JD. Prisoners' attitudes toward Hepatitis B vaccination. Prev Med. 2004;38:828-833.
  • Weatherill SA, Buxton JA, Daly PC. Immunization programs in non-traditional settings. Can J Public Health. 2004;95:133-137.

Viral Infections: Risks Posed by Newly Arrived Immigrants – December 2006

Barriers to Immunization
  • Vryheid RE. A survey of vaccinations of immigrants and refugees in San Diego County, California. Asian Am Pac Isl J Health. 2001;9:221-230.
General
  • Strine TW, Barker LE, Mokdad AH, Luman ET, Sutter RW, Chu SY. Vaccination coverage of foreign-born children 19 to 35 months of age: findings from the National Immunization Survey,1999-2000. Pediatrics. 2002;110(2 Pt 1):e15.
Hepatitis A
  • Dentinger CM, Heinrich NL, Bell BP, et al. A prevalence study of hepatitis A virus infection in a migrant community: Is hepatitis A vaccine indicated? J Pediatr. 2001;138:705-709.
  • Jong EC. United States epidemiology of hepatitis A: influenced by immigrants visiting friends and relatives in Mexico? Am J Med. 2005;118 (Suppl 10A):50S-57S.
  • Pollack H, Wan K, Ramos R, et al. Screening for chronic hepatitis B among Asian/Pacific Islander populations—New York City, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. May 12, 2006;55:505-509.
Hepatitis B
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Case Finding and Management of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg)-Positive Persons During Delivery of Vaccination. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5416a2.htm. Accessed December 11, 2006.
  • Jenkins CN, McPhee SJ, Wong C, Nguyen T, Euler GL. Hepatitis B immunization coverage among Vietnamese American children 3 to 18 years old. Pediatrics. 2000;106:E78.
  • Lifson, AR, Thai D, Hang K. Lack of immunization documentation in Minnesota refugees: challenges for refugee preventive health care. J Immigr Health. 2001;3:47-52.
  • Mast EE, Margolis HS, Fiore AE, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) part 1: immunization of infants, children, and adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005;54(RR16):1-23.
  • Taylor VM, Choe JH, Yasui Y, Li L, Burke N, Jackson JC. Hepatitis B awareness among Vietnamese American men and women. J Community Health. 2005;30:477-490.
  • Taylor VM, Jackson JC, Chan N, Kuniyuki A, Yasui Y. Hepatitis B knowledge and practices among Cambodian American women in Seattle, Washington. J Community Health. 2002;27:151-163.
  • Thompson MJ, Taylor VM, Jackson JC, et al. Hepatitis B knowledge and practices among Chinese American women in Seattle, Washington. J Cancer Educ. 2002;17:222-226.
Cost Effectiveness of HBV Immunization
  • Deuson RR, Brodovicz KG, Barker L, Zhou F, Euler GL. Economic analysis of a child vaccination project among Asian Americans in Philadelphia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;115:909-914.
  • Findley SE, Irigoyen M, Schulman A. Children on the move and vaccination coverage in a low-income, urban Latino population. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1728-1731.
Recalls and Reminders Increase Adherence
  • Szilagyi PG, Schaffer S, Shone L, et al. Reducing geographic, racial, and ethnic disparities in childhood immunization rates by using reminder/recall interventions in urban primary care practices. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e58.
International Adoptees
  • Jenista JA, Chapman D. Medical problems of foreign-born adopted children. Am J Dis Children. 1987;141:298-302.
  • Schulte JM, Maloney S, Aronson J, San Gabriel P, Zhou J, Saiman L. Evaluating acceptability and completeness of overseas immunization records of internationally adopted children. Pediatrics. 2002;109:E22.
Vaccines for Children Program
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notice to Readers Update: Recommendations to Prevent Hepatitis B Virus Transmission—United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. January 22, 1999;48:33-34.

Preventing Risk of Hepatitis Exposure and Transmission in the Workplace – January 2007

  • Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. MMWR. October 25, 2002/51(RR-16);1-44. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htm. Accessed January 18, 2007.
  • Fiore AE, Wasley A, Bell BP. Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization. MMWR. May 19, 2006/55(RR-07);1-23. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5507a1.htm. Accessed January 18, 2007.
  • Immunization Action Coalition. Hepatitis B Information. Available at: http://www.immunize.org/hepb/index.htm. Accessed January 18, 2007.
  • Immunization of Health-Care Workers: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR. December 26, 1997/46(RR-18):1-42. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00050577.htm. Accessed January 18, 2007.
  • Travelers Health: Yellow Book. Health Information for International Travel, 2005-2006. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/travel/yb/. Accessed January 18, 2007.
  • Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR. June 29, 2001/50 (RR-11). Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5011.pdf. Accessed January 18, 2007.
  • Workbook for Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating a Sharps Injury Prevention Program. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/sharpssafety/workbook.html. Accessed January 18, 2007.